Sociodemographic characteristics of respondents at the pregnancy level and delivery level
| Pregnancy level (ANC4+)*† | P value | Delivery level (SBA)*‡ | P value | |||
| >4 visits | <4 visits | Yes | No | |||
| n (%) (n=13 510) | n (%) (n=1778) | n (%) (n=12 740) | n (%) (n=2543) | |||
| Age | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| 15–24 | 2402 (17.8) | 396 (22.3) | 2246 (17.6) | 550 (21.6) | ||
| 25–34 | 7005 (51.9) | 790 (44.4) | 6549 (51.4) | 1245 (49.0) | ||
| >34 | 4103 (30.4) | 592 (33.3) | 3945 (31.0) | 748 (29.4) | ||
| Age at first birth | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| <20 | 3652 (27.0) | 755 (42.5) | 3291 (25.8) | 1115 (43.8) | ||
| 20–29 | 8984 (66.5) | 942 (53.0) | 8578 (67.3) | 1346 (52.9) | ||
| >29 | 874 (6.5) | 81 (4.6) | 871 (6.8) | 82 (3.2) | ||
| Level of education | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| None | 116 (0.9) | 88 (4.9) | 98 (0.8) | 106 (4.2) | ||
| Primary | 3159 (23.4) | 683 (38.4) | 2709 (21.3) | 1131 (44.5) | ||
| Secondary | 7759 (57.4) | 832 (46.8) | 7467 (58.6) | 1123 (44.2) | ||
| Higher | 2476 (18.3) | 175 (9.8) | 2466 (19.4) | 183 (7.2) | ||
| Husband’s level of education | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| None | 171 (1.3) | 84 (5.0) | 142 (1.1) | 113 (4.6) | ||
| Primary | 3289 (25.0) | 603 (36.1) | 2818 (22.8) | 1074 (43.9) | ||
| Secondary | 7613 (57.9) | 853 (51.0) | 7344 (59.4) | 1118 (45.7) | ||
| Higher | 2067 (15.7) | 131 (7.8) | 2057 (16.6) | 140 (5.7) | ||
| Employment status | 0.005 | 0.185 | ||||
| Not working | 6201 (45.9) | 878 (49.5) | 5868 (46.1) | 1209 (47.5) | ||
| Working | 7299 (54.1) | 897 (50.5) | 6859 (53.9) | 1334 (52.5) | ||
| Husband’s employment status | <0.001 | 0.138 | ||||
| Not working | 94 (0.7) | 26 (1.6) | 94 (0.8) | 26 (1.1) | ||
| Working | 12 909 (99.3) | 1636 (98.4) | 12 126 (99.2) | 2414 (98.9) | ||
| Parity | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Five or more | 645 (4.8) | 275 (15.5) | 617 (4.8) | 303 (11.9) | ||
| 3–4 | 3699 (27.4) | 570 (32.1) | 3485 (27.4) | 784 (30.8) | ||
| 1–2 | 9166 (67.8) | 933 (52.5) | 8638 (67.8) | 1456 (57.3) | ||
| Autonomy in healthcare decision-making | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 7321 (55.8) | 1022 (61.2) | 6872 (55.6) | 1468 (60.1) | ||
| Yes | 5809 (44.2) | 648 (38.8) | 5479 (44.4) | 976 (39.9) | ||
| Mass media consumption | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Not at all | 413 (3.1) | 181 (10.2) | 345 (2.7) | 249 (9.8) | ||
| Any one | 5572 (41.2) | 805 (45.3) | 5105 (40.1) | 1271 (50.0) | ||
| Any two | 3784 (28.0) | 407 (22.9) | 3582 (28.1) | 608 (23.9) | ||
| All three | 3741 (27.7) | 385 (21.7) | 3708 (29.1) | 415 (16.3) | ||
| Household income | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Q1 (poorest) | 3144 (23.3) | 893 (50.2) | 2598 (20.4) | 1437 (56.5) | ||
| Q2 | 2661 (19.7) | 361 (20.3) | 2502 (19.6) | 520 (20.4) | ||
| Q3 | 2628 (19.5) | 255 (14.3) | 2586 (20.3) | 296 (11.6) | ||
| Q4 | 2588 (19.2) | 166 (9.3) | 2566 (20.1) | 188 (7.4) | ||
| Q5 (richest) | 2489 (18.4) | 103 (5.8) | 2488 (19.5) | 102 (4.0) | ||
| Distance from health facilities | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Unfavourable | 1441 (10.7) | 362 (20.4) | 1301 (10.3) | 501 (19.7) | ||
| Favourable | 12 059 (89.3) | 1415 (79.6) | 11 431 (89.7) | 2039 (80.3) | ||
| Residence | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Urban | 6938 (51.4) | 610 (34.3) | 6916 (54.3) | 631 (24.8) | ||
| Rural | 6572 (48.6) | 1168 (65.7) | 5824 (45.7) | 1912 (75.2) | ||
*χ2 test was used to measure p value.
†At least four ANC visits during pregnancy.
‡Had childbirth assisted by SBA.
ANC4+, four times antenatal care; SBA, skilled birth attendant.