Family/partner pressure (including having kids) | Health scare | Wanted a healthy lifestyle | The law: I can’t smoke in so many public places now | Cost of cigarettes | New Year’s Resolution | My healthcare provider (doctor/pharmacist) suggested I should quit | |
Age (years) | |||||||
18–25 (referent) | |||||||
26–35 | 1.27 (1.02 to 1.57)* | 0.99 (0.78 to 1.26) | 0.89 (0.71 to 1.11) | 0.97 (0.56 to 1.67) | 0.93 (0.76 to 1.15) | 0.94 (0.74 to 1.19) | 1.20 (0.88 to 1.64) |
36–45 | 1.34 (1.07 to 1.68)* | 1.00 (0.77 to 1.30) | 0.79 (0.62 to 1.00) | 1.27 (0.72 to 2.23) | 0.86 (0.69 to 1.08) | 0.61 (0.47 to 0.80)* | 1.41 (1.02 to 1.95)* |
46–55 | 0.91 (0.70 to 1.18) | 1.41 (1.05 to 1.88)* | 0.69 (0.53 to 0.90)* | 1.30 (0.69 to 2.44) | 0.64 (0.50 to 0.83)* | 0.47 (0.34 to 0.66)* | 1.71 (1.20 to 2.44)* |
56–65 | 0.74 (0.54 to 1.02) | 2.21 (1.59 to 3.08)* | 0.47 (0.34 to 0.64)* | 2.33 (1.22 to 4.45)* | 0.76 (0.56 to 1.02) | 0.46 (0.30 to 0.68)* | 3.08 (2.10 to 4.52)* |
66+ | 0.59 (0.29 to 1.20) | 1.39 (0.69 to 2.78) | 0.36 (0.20 to 0.67)* | 3.61 (1.32 to 9.88)* | 0.68 (0.36 to 1.26) | 0.62 (0.28 to 1.37) | 2.41 (1.16 to 5.02)* |
Age at starting smoking (years) | |||||||
≤13 (referent) | |||||||
14–18 | 1.12 (0.91 to 1.36) | 0.99 (0.79 to 1.24) | 1.29 (1.06 to 1.58)* | 1.22 (0.73 to 2.04) | 1.03 (0.84 to 1.25) | 0.89 (0.70 to 1.13) | 1.19 (0.91 to 1.55) |
19–24 | 0.99 (0.80 to 1.24) | 0.94 (0.73 to 1.20) | 1.24 (1.00 to 1.56) | 1.49 (0.86 to 2.57) | 0.91 (0.74 to 1.14) | 0.88 (0.67 to 1.14) | 1.04 (0.77 to 1.40) |
25–29 | 1.03 (0.68 to 1.55) | 0.92 (0.58 to 1.47) | 1.30 (0.86 to 1.97) | 1.39 (0.56 to 3.46) | 0.91 (0.61 to 1.38) | 0.82 (0.48 to 1.40) | 1.27 (0.75 to 2.12) |
30+ | 0.71 (0.40 to 1.26) | 1.00 (0.55 to 1.82) | 1.35 (0.79 to 2.30) | 1.08 (0.30 to 3.81) | 0.50 (0.28 to 0.91) | 0.40 (0.16 to 1.03) | 0.82 (0.40 to 1.70) |
Gender | |||||||
Women (referent) | |||||||
Men | 0.84 (0.74 to 0.95)* | 1.61 (1.38 to 1.88)* | 1.70 (1.48 to 1.94)* | 1.18 (0.87 to 1.60) | 1.44 (1.26 to 1.63)* | 1.31 (1.12 to 1.54)* | 1.24 (1.04 to 1.47)* |
Race/ethnicity | |||||||
Black Africans (referent) | |||||||
Coloured | 0.95 (0.76 to 1.18) | 0.70 (0.55 to 0.89)* | 1.09 (0.86 to 1.38) | 0.92 (0.55 to 1.54) | 1.57 (1.26 to 1.96)* | 0.84 (0.64 to 1.09) | 1.44 (1.07 to 1.93)* |
Indian/Asians | 0.80 (0.61 to 1.06) | 0.66 (0.49 to 0.89)* | 1.14 (0.85 to 1.54) | 0.66 (0.32 to 1.35) | 0.98 (0.74 to 1.29) | 0.87 (0.63 to 1.21) | 1.30 (0.91 to 1.88) |
Other | 1.10 (0.72 to 1.69) | 0.44 (0.26 to 0.76)* | 0.73 (0.47 to 1.13) | 0.52 (0.15 to 1.80) | 1.57 (1.02 to 2.41)* | 1.17 (0.71 to 1.94) | 1.12 (0.62 to 2.03) |
White group | 0.82 (0.68 to 0.99)* | 0.55 (0.45 to 0.67)* | 0.97 (0.80 to 1.18) | 0.84 (0.55 to 1.30) | 1.31 (1.09 to 1.57)* | 0.85 (0.68 to 1.05) | 1.14 (0.89 to 1.47) |
Monthly personal income (ZAR) | |||||||
None (referent) | |||||||
≤10 000 | 1.13 (0.80 to 1.58) | 1.46 (1.00 to 2.13) | 0.93 (0.66 to 1.33) | 1.59 (0.66 to 3.80) | 1.05 (0.76 to 1.47) | 1.15 (0.77 to 1.71) | 2.24 (1.28 to 3.90)* |
≤20 000 | 1.08 (0.79 to 1.47) | 1.21 (0.85 to 1.72) | 1.05 (0.77 to 1.45) | 1.47 (0.65 to 3.36) | 1.17 (0.87 to 1.58) | 1.18 (0.82 to 1.70) | 2.66 (1.58 to 4.47)* |
≤30 000 | 1.26 (0.91 to 1.74) | 1.41 (0.98 to 2.04) | 1.02 (0.73 to 1.43) | 1.68 (0.72 to 3.92) | 0.96 (0.70 to 1.31) | 1.15 (0.78 to 1.69) | 2.34 (1.36 to 4.00)* |
≤50 000 | 1.21 (0.87 to 1.68) | 0.99 (0.67 to 1.45) | 1.18 (0.84 to 1.66) | 1.36 (0.57 to 3.27) | 0.87 (0.63 to 1.21) | 0.97 (0.64 to 1.45) | 2.30 (1.33 to 3.97)* |
>50 000 | 1.01 (0.74 to 1.37) | 1.23 (0.87 to 1.74) | 1.06 (0.77 to 1.45) | 1.35 (0.59 to 3.07) | 0.89 (0.66 to 1.21) | 0.98 (0.68 to 1.42) | 2.43 (1.44 to 4.08)* |
Undisclosed | 1.00 (0.68 to 1.45) | 1.24 (0.81 to 1.90) | 0.91 (0.62 to 1.33) | 1.36 (0.51 to 3.62) | 0.98 (0.68 to 1.41) | 0.95 (0.60 to 1.52) | 2.06 (1.13 to 3.74)* |
Health status | |||||||
Very good (referent) | |||||||
Good | 1.11 (0.86 to 1.43) | 1.22 (0.88 to 1.70) | 1.25 (0.98 to 1.61) | 1.63 (0.81 to 3.30) | 1.26 (0.98 to 1.63) | 1.02 (0.74 to 1.40) | 2.37 (1.47 to 3.82)* |
Moderate | 1.11 (0.85 to 1.43) | 2.28 (1.65 to 3.17)* | 1.58 (1.23 to 2.04)* | 1.70 (0.84 to 3.45) | 1.26 (0.98 to 1.63) | 1.18 (0.86 to 1.62) | 3.59 (2.24 to 5.77)* |
Bad | 1.05 (0.77 to 1.44) | 3.18 (2.19 to 4.61)* | 2.07 (1.50 to 2.86)* | 1.63 (0.71 to 3.71) | 1.34 (0.98 to 1.82) | 0.90 (0.60 to 1.33) | 6.11 (3.66 to 10.20)* |
Very bad | 0.88 (0.53 to 1.45) | 4.12 (2.43 to 6.98)* | 1.20 (0.74 to 1.96) | 2.73 (0.97 to 7.68) | 0.83 (0.50 to 1.38) | 0.58 (0.29 to 1.17) | 6.72 (3.49 to 12.91)* |
*Asterisks (*) indicate statistical significance at p<0.05.
ZAR, South African rand.