Demographics of patients pre-Affordable Care Act (ACA) and post-ACA by Medicaid expansions status
| Pre-ACA* | Post-ACA* | |||
| Non-expansion states | Expansion states | Non-expansion states | Expansion states | |
| Total patients | N=130 973 | N=193 198 | N=186 341 | N=251 015 |
| Race/ethnicity | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) |
| Hispanic | 41 684 (31.8) | 54 071 (28.0) | 63 328 (34.0) | 67 632 (26.9) |
| Missing | 11 739 (9.0) | 14 608 (7.6) | 18 006 (9.7) | 23 197 (9.2) |
| NH black | 36 820 (28.1) | 12 165 (6.3) | 47 645 (25.6) | 14 958 (6.0) |
| NH other | 2792 (2.1) | 10 239 (5.3) | 4733 (2.5) | 13 982 (5.6) |
| NH white | 37 938 (29.0) | 102 115 (52.9) | 52 629 (28.2) | 131 246 (52.3) |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 84 036 (64.2) | 115 501 (59.8) | 116 853 (62.7) | 142 921 (56.9) |
| Male | 46 934 (35.8) | 77 693 (40.2) | 69 485 (37.3) | 108 089 (43.1) |
| Not indicated | 3 (0.0) | 4 (0.0) | 3 (0.0) | 5 (0.0) |
| Age at first visit, N (%) | ||||
| 19–25 | 24 765 (18.9) | 35 163 (18.2) | 33 749 (18.1) | 44 785 (17.8) |
| 26–39 | 44 482 (34.0) | 72 082 (37.3) | 65 793 (35.3) | 95 206 (37.9) |
| 40–64 | 59 228 (45.2) | 80 807 (41.8) | 86 298 (46.3) | 109 320 (43.6) |
| N/A | 2498 (1.9) | 5146 (2.7) | 501 (0.3) | 1704 (0.7) |
| Federal poverty level (most frequently recorded) | ||||
| ≤138 | 105 007 (80.2) | 129 990 (67.3) | 145 586 (78.1) | 167 152 (66.6) |
| >138 | 13 754 (10.5) | 24 404 (12.6) | 24 497 (13.1) | 39 233 (15.6) |
| N/A | 12 212 (9.3) | 38 804 (20.1) | 16 258 (8.7) | 44 630 (17.8) |
| Insurance (most frequently recorded) | ||||
| Private | 7548 (5.8) | 32 165 (16.6) | 38 562 (20.7) | 43 794 (17.4) |
| Public | 52 429 (40.0) | 91 485 (47.4) | 64 108 (34.4) | 160 685 (64.0) |
| Uninsured | 68 498 (52.3) | 64 402 (33.3) | 83 170 (44.6) | 44 831 (17.9) |
| N/A | 2498 (1.9) | 5146 (2.7) | 501 (0.3) | 1705 (0.7) |
Patients with visits in both periods contribute distinct demographics in the pre-ACA and post-ACA columns.
*All demographics were significantly different (<0.001) between expansion and non-expansion states in both the pre-ACA and post-ACA periods.
NA, not available; NH, non-Hispanic.