Reported psychosocial results from included studies
| First author year | Outcome (n) | Before | After | Effect direction | Quality assessment |
| Elston 201940 | Well-being Star (n=82) | 30.6 (12.6) | 43.9 (13.3) | ▲* | Good |
| WEMWBS (n=86) | 38.8 (10.3) | 46.7 (10.9) | ▲* | ||
| Giebel 202041 | SWEMWBS (n=15) | 24.8 (4.6) | 27 (4.4) | ▲* | Fair |
| Kim 202143 | GDS-K (n=10) | 13.60 (5.0) | 10.00 (3.7) | ▲* | Fair |
| Social Participation Scale (n=10) | 29.90 (5.7) | 35.10 (3.3) | ▲* | ||
| Self-Efficacy Scale (n=10) | 23.40 (4.8) | 27.00 (6.3) | ▲ | ||
| Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (n=10) | 31.80 (4.2) | 38.40 (6.3) | ▲* | ||
| UCLA Loneliness Scale (n=10) | 25.60 (2.5) | 22.20 (5.0) | ▲ | ||
| Thomson 201845 | MWM-OA (n=115) Combined means for six subscales† | 20.17 (2.74) | 24.98 (2.54) | ▲* | Fair |
| 22.66 (2.66) | 26.27 (1.80) | ||||
| 23.14 (2.59) | 26.64 (1.80) | ||||
| Vogelpoel 201446 | WEMWBS (n=8) | 41 (NR) | 47 (NR) | ▲ (NR) | Poor |
We provide mean (SD) (when reported) and a symbol (▲ or ▼) to represent the effect direction, for example, up arrow represents a positive finding. We also include the assessment of study quality based on the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Quality Assessment Tool for Before–After (Pre–Post) Studies With No Control Group38.
*Statistically significant finding.
†Data combined from mean (SD) of the subscales via adding means and the square root of the total Dvariances.
GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; MWM-OA, Museum Wellbeing Measure for Older Adults; NR, not reported; SWEMWBS, Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale; WEMWBS, Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Health and Well-being Scale.