Include the family for medical visits and for self-management (family’s responsibility rather than solely the individual’s)28 29 33 36 38 42 67

Include kinship and build strong and respectful relationships (crowshow)38 40 43 44

Ensure nonverbal responses are respectful40

Share meals with patients29

Accept Indigenous child behaviour40

Show interest in them and their lives27

Include grandchildren in care activities38

Spend adequate time with patients29 43

Avoid staff turn-over43

Hire Indigenous health providers and staff27 40

Invite other Indigenous people in group sessions33 38 39

Provide care with a staff trained for cultural safety19 41 43 66 67

Have Indigenous cultural landmarks in clinics (eg, music, art pieces)30 33 40 66 and create a culturally familiar environment33

Use relevant and accessible wording31 33 35 38 44 and visuals31 44

Use pictorial layouts31 35 44

Offer health promotion bush trips39

Use storytelling and yarning approach29 31 44

Use indigenous traditional therapeutic approaches (eg, lomilomi (Hawaiian therapeutic massage) and medicine herbs)39 63–65 67

Focus on well-being rather than medical targets31 37 62

Focus on patient’s own goals27 43 and use a holistic approach27 37 38 43 63

Use Indigenous protocols and cultural processes, such as starting and ending meetings with prayer and songs29 38

Use smudging39 67

Not be constrained by Western models of disease33

Have an Elder involved (in medical visits or as a caregiver)29 32 34 35

Provide care at home37 41

Use technology (eg, audio-visual and social media) and electronic health tools to deliver health information at the time, in the place and in multiple formats and languages to meet consumers’ needs66

Make home visits (minimising the inconvenience and cost of having to travel to the clinic)27 37 41

Offer transportation to clinic, pharmacy, local laboratory for tests, etc33 37 65

Use relevant and accessible wording31 33 35 38 44 and translate health material65 66

Offer financial support for medication28 30 or drop it off to patients28

Cooperate with local pharmacy to ensure medication adherence41

Have an interpreter66 or indigenous liaison client representative65

Have an indigenous patient navigator64 67